What are the three routes of exposure to hazardous substances?

The three primary routes of exposure to hazardous substances are inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion. Each of these routes has distinct characteristics:

1. Inhalation refers to the entry of hazardous substances through the respiratory system when individuals breathe in toxic gases, vapors, or particles. This route is critically important in hazardous materials operations because many toxic agents can have immediate and severe effects when inhaled.

2. Skin contact occurs when harmful substances come into contact with the skin, leading to potential absorption through the dermal layer. Depending on the substance's properties, this route can also result in systemic effects, making it vital for responders to wear appropriate protective clothing.

3. Ingestion involves the hazardous substances being taken into the body through the mouth, which can happen accidentally or through unsafe handling practices. Ingestion can lead to serious complications as the substance moves through the digestive system.

Recognizing these routes is essential for responding to hazardous materials incidents, as it guides the development of safety protocols and protective measures to ensure the safety of responders and the public.